Brain hackers

This is the page of the Brain Hackers aka the Neurohacking/Neuromodulation London Hackspace Group. We do experiments and play around with kits to measure and alter brain activity in a non-invasive way and develop novel accessible neurostimulation means accompanied by real time measurement and feedback. Some of us are trained neuroscientists or electronics engineers, others are hobbyists. All friendly and interested people are welcome to volunteer and participate in trials, but everything is obviously at your own risk (where such risk may exist).

List of kit available by different members of the group:

-EEG -> multiple copies of the 1 channel bipolar (TrueSense Kit) recorder, MindWave Mobile (1 channel), Emotiv Epoc (14 channels), KT88 (16 channels, photoic stimulation), AMEA slow potentials mapper (2 channels), new model of AMEA expected Feb

-tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) -> DIY, foc.us developers edition on the way

-tACS (transcranial alternate current stimulation) -> DIY, DrTES (transcranial analgesia device)

-Transcranial laser / decoherent light stimulation within optical permeability window of tissues (roughly between 600 and 1200 nm) -> Matrix LLLT with in-built photometer and external SRT block, impulse modulated 890 nm and 635 nm single and matrix lasers, continuous modulated 810 and 640 nm, all-inclusive large laser/LED head.

-Weak field TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation, microtesla range or even lower) -> 64 coil Koren helmet augmented for placement of more coils, smaller phone tap coils - based hats and setups, large (3m) coil, MIT-MT stimulator (0.1-99 Hz range) with different size coils (induction going up to 25 mT max, 8-shaped configuration up to 10 mT) including coils with centrally positioned high power red, infrared and blue LEDs for combined ligfht and magnetic stimulation

-Other -> SGR sensor, photopletismograph, modulated high voltage "singing arc", scopes, magnetometers, function generators, amps etc.

---

Some of the project ideas we are interested in and would be eager to test in regard to different neuromodulation means:

1. tDCS

- measurement! Can it be run with simultaneous measurement of EEG activity without damaging the sensor and producing meaningful data? Currently available tDCS kits provide no real time feedback

- interaction of tDCS with other neurostimulation means including light and low induction TMS

- interaction of tDCS with nootropics (such as ampakines like piracetam) or ergotropics (such as modafinil and bromantane) for those already using such drugs

2. tACS/tRNS (transcranial random noise stimulation)

- can the benefits of both tDCS and tACS be gained if monophasic pulsed current is used?

- the colours of noise in tRNS ! Would they make any difference?

3. Coherent/decoherent light

- does the wavelength makes much difference and what is it?

- continuous light stimulation versus impulse stimulation with high peak power very short bursts: how would the effects differ?

- continuous versus modulated stimulation: how do we modulate? what are the observed differences?

4. Weak field TMS (also called LiTMS - low induction TMS in some sources)

- do God Helmet, "octopus", "shakti" and other Dr. Persinger's stimulation protocols actually work?

- what other signals can be applied, and how

- reproducing "Zhadin effect" (see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614765/ as a starting reading material) at Hackspace - can we do it?

- generally, checking whether the KT (Bolzmann constant x temperature) thermodynamic limitation for biologic effects of weak magnetic fields withstands! (http://biomag.zz.mu/pdf/2007.Binhi.ea.EBM.pdf is a good challenge starter!)

5. Other

- record and replay! Can a specific state-associated EEG recording from a selected area induce or promote this state if replayed back to the same area of the same or different person as electric or magnetic signal?

- producing software capable of using ERP's (Evoked Response Potentials) with simple and cheap BCI like the Mindwave or TSK sensors

Of course, you are more than welcome to suggest other relevant ideas to test and projects to try. The possibilities are, indeed, "Limitless" (pun intended).

P.S.: folks from Mind Hacking and Biohacking groups are, of course, welcome to join in, but we surely need electronic engineering and coding enthusiasts interested in such matters!

---

For neuroscientific and technical questions and curiosities involving brain hacking, feel free to get in touch with any of the following:

Martin Dinov

Andrew Vladimirov

Dirk Bruere

---

Some of the popular relevant presentations from Andrew can be found here:

https://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/index.php?title=File:Cogenhancement_part1.pdf

https://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/index.php?title=File:Cogenchancement_part2.pdf

https://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/index.php?title=File:The-future-of-accessible-neurostimulation.pdf

https://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/index.php?title=File:Self_hacking_via_replay_attacks.pdf

Bibliography

Some relevant reading for those who want to go hardcore :-) Of course it is far from being complete and needs to be updated, oh well...

---

• Accessible measurement methodologies and BCI

Abraham T, Feng J. Evolution of brain imaging instrumentation. Semin Nucl Med. 2011 May;41(3):202-19.

Baillet S, Mosher JC, Laehy RM. Electromagnetic brain mapping. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 2001;Nov:14–30.

Bauer H. Slow potential topography. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 30: 20–33, 1998.

Bauer H, Korunka C, and Leodolter M. Technical requirements for high quality scalp DC recordings. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 72:545–547, 1989.

Besson JM, Woody CD, Aleonard P, Thompson HK, Albe-Fessard D, and Marshall WH. Correlations of brain DC shifts with changes in cerebral blood flow. Am J Physiol 218: 284–291, 1970.

Birbaumer N, Elbert T, Canavan AG, and Rockstroh B. Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior. Physiol Rev 70: 1–41, 1990.

Chesler M and Kaila K. Modulation of pH by neuronal activity. Trends Neurosci 15: 396–402, 1992.

Kaila K and Ransom BR. Concept of pH and its importance in neurobiology. In: pH and Brain Function, edited by K Kaila and BR Ransom. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1998, p. 3–10.

Kok, A. (1997). Event-Related-Potential (ERP) Reflections of Mental Resources: A Review and Synthesis. . Biological Psychology, 45, 19-56.

Kropotov, J. D. Quantitative EEG, Event-Related Potentials and Neurotherapy. Elsevier, 2009.

Hari R., Salmelin R. Human cortical oscillations: a neuromagnetic view through the skull // Trends Neurosci. - 1997. – V.20.- P.44-49.

Erin Treacy Solovey et al. Using fNIRS Brain Sensing in Realistic HCI Settings: Experiments and Guidelines. UIST’09, October 4–7, 2008, Victoria, BC, Canada.

Hoshi Y. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy: current status and future prospects. J Biomed Opt. 2007 Nov-Dec;12(6):062106

Hoshi, Y. (2009). Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Studying Higher Cognition Neural Correlates of Thinking (pp. 83-93).

Thomas Elbert. Slow Cortical Potentials Reflect the Regulation of Cortical Excitability. Slow potential changes in the human brain : [Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Slow Potential Changes in the Human Brain, held May 13 - 16, 1990 in Il Ciocco, Italy] / ed. by W. C. McCallum et al. New York : Plenum Press, pp. 235-251.

Empson JAC: Human brainwaves: the psychological significance of the electroencephalogram. London, Macmillan; 1986.

Fairclough, S. H. (2009). Fundamentals of physiological computing. Interacting with Computers, 21(1-2), 133-145.

Ferrari M, Quaresima V. A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application. Neuroimage. 2012 Mar 28.

Ferrari M, Mottola L, Quaresima V. Principles, Techniques, and Limitations of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Can J Appl Physiol 2004; 29(4): 463-487.

Gersten A, Heimer D, Raz A. Oxygenation and Blood Volume Periodic Waveforms in the Brain. Hunter College preprint 2006;

Gevins, A., & Smith, M. (2003). Neurophysiological measures of cognitive workload during human-computer interaction. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 4, 113-131.

Leanne M. et al. This is Your Brain on Interfaces: Enhancing Usability Testing with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. CHI 2011, Session: Brain & Bio-sensor Interactions. May 7–12, 2011.

Maria Trinidad Herrera Ezquierroa, Patrizia Cherubinob, Anton Giulio Maglionec, Alfredo Colosimod, Giovanni Vecchiatoc, Tools and techniques to image functional brain activity. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 84 - 95, 2012.

Michel C, He B. EEG Mapping and source imaging. In: Schomer, D., Lopes da Silva, F.H. (Eds.), Niedermeyer's Electroencephalography. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2011:1179-1202.

Andrea Moreno et al. Neurophysiological, metabolic and cellular compartments that drive neurovascular coupling and neuroimaging signals. Frontiers in Neuroenergetics. March2013. Volume5. Article 3.

Nijholt, A., Tan, D., Allison, B., Milan, J. d. R., & Graimann, B. (2008). Brain-computer interfaces for hci and games. Paper presented at the CHI '08 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, Florence, Italy, 3925-3928.

Serences JT, Saproo S. Computational advances towards linking BOLD and behavior. Neuropsychologia. 2012 Mar;50(4):435-46.

Somjen GG and Tombaugh GC. pH Modulation of neuronal excitability and central nervous system functions. In: pH and Brain Function, edited by K Kaila and BR Ransom. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1998, p. 373–393.

Shafi MM, Westover MB, Fox MD, Pascual-Leone A. Exploration and modulation of brain network interactions with noninvasive brain stimulation in combination with neuroimaging. Eur J Neurosci. 2012 Mar;35(6):805-25.

Sheth, S.A., Nemoto, M., Guiou, M., Walker,M., Pouratian, N., and Toga, A.W. (2004). Linear and nonlinear relationships between neuronal activity, oxygen metabolism, and hemodynamic responses. Neuron 42, 347–355.

M.J. Schroeder, R.E. Barr. Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalogram during cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 112 (2001) 2075–2083

William O. Tatum. Handbook of EEG interpretation. 2008. ISBN-13: 978-1-933864-11-2

Tong F, Pratte MS. Decoding patterns of human brain activity. Annu Rev Psychol. 2012 Jan 10;63:483-509.

Tschirgi RD and Taylor JL. Slowly changing bioelectric potentials associated with the blood–brain barrier. Am J Physiol 195: 7–22, 1958.

Juha Voipio, Pekka Tallgren, Erkki Heinonen, Sampsa Vanhatalo, and Kai Kaila. Millivolt-Scale DC Shifts in the Human Scalp EEG: Evidence for a Nonneuronal Generator. J Neurophysiol 89: 2208–2214, 2003.

Wallin BG. Sympathetic nerve activity underlying electrodermal and cardiovascular reactions in man. Psychophysiology 18: 470–476, 1981.

---

* Neurostimulation methods and their effects

J. J. Anders, “The potential of light therapy for central nervous system injury and disease,” Photomed. Laser Surg. 27(3), 379–380 (2009).

Andrews SC, Hoy KE, Enticott PG, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Improving working memory: the effect of combining cognitive activity and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Brain Stim 2011;4(2):84–9.

D. W. BARRETT AND F. GONZALEZ-LIMA. TRANSCRANIAL INFRARED LASER STIMULATION PRODUCES BENEFICIAL COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL EFFECTS IN HUMANS. Neuroscience 230 (2013) 13–23

Archy O. de Berker, Marom Bikson and Sven Bestmann. Predicting the behavioral impact of transcranial direct current stimulation: issues and limitations.

Brian A Coffman et al. Enhancement of object detection with transcranial direct current stimulation is associated with increased attention BMC Neuroscience 2012, 13:108 Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. October 2013 | Volume7 | Article 613

Joaquim P. Brasil-Neto Learning, Memory, and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Front Psychiatry. 2012; 3: 80.

Leila Chaieb, Walter Paulus, and Andrea Antal, Evaluating Aftereffects of Short-Duration Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation on Cortical Excitability, Neural Plasticity, vol. 2011, Article ID 105927, 5 pages, 2011.

Richard P. Chi, Allan W. Snyder. Facilitate Insight by Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation. PLoS ONE. February 2011, Volume 6, Issue 2

H. Chung et al., The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40(2), 516–533 (2012).

Creutzfeldt, O. D., Fromm, G. H., & Kapp, H. (1962). Influence of transcortical DC currents on cortical neuronal activity. Experimental Neurology, 5, 436-452.

Day, B. L. (1999). Galvanic vestibular stimulation: new uses for an old tool. Journal of Physiology, 517, 631.

Dockery, C.A., Hueckel-Weng, R., Birbaumer, N., and Plewnia, C. (2009). Enhancement of planning ability by transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Neurosci. 29, 7271–7277.

Francis JT, Gluckman BJ & Schiff SJ (2003). Sensitivity of neurons to weak electric fields. J Neuroscience 23, 7255–7261.

Fregni, F., P. S. Boggio, et al. (2005). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Experimental Brain Research 166(1): 23-30.

Brita Fritsch et al. Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: Potential implications for motor learning. Neuron. 2010 April 29; 66(2): 198–204.

C Gabriel, S Gabriely and E Corthout. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey. Phys. Med. Biol. 41 (1996) 2231–2249

Ilic S, Leichliter S, Streeter J, Oron A, DeTaboada L, Oron U: Effects of power densities, continuous and pulse frequencies, and number of sessions of low-level laser therapy on intact rat brain. Photomed Laser Surg 2006, 24:458-466.

Ilmoniemi RJ, Virtanen J, Ruohonen J, Karhu J, Aronen HJ, Naatanen R and Katila T. Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity. Neuroreport 1997;8:3537-3540.

Grafman, J., & Wassermann, E. (1999). Transcranial magnetic stimulation can measure and modulate learning and memory. Neuropsychologia, 37, 159-167.

Jenrow KA, Zhang X, Renehan WE and Liboff AR. Weak ELF magnetic field effects on hippocampal rhythmic slow activity. Exp Neurol 1998;153:328-334.

Hashmi, J.T., et al., Effect of pulsing in low-level light therapy. Lasers Surg Med, 2010. 42(6): p. 450-66.

K. M. Hebeda et al., “Light propagation in the brain depends on nerve fiber orientation,” Neurosurgery 35(4), 720–722 (1994).

Y. Y. Huang et al., “Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy,” Dose Response 7(4), 358–383 (2009).

Y. Y. Huang et al., “Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy— an update,” Dose Response 9(4), 602–618 (2011).

Cohen Kadosh, R., Levy, N., O’Shea, J., Shea, N., and Savulescu, J. (2012). The neuroethics of non-invasive brain stimulation. Curr. Biol. 22, R108–R111.

Cohen Kadosh, R., The Stimulated Brain: Cognitive Enhancement Using Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation. Academic Press Inc (16 Jun 2014) - a must have book!

Karim, A. A. (2010). Transcranial cortex stimulation as a novel approach for probing the neurobiology of dreams: Clini­cal and neuroethical implications. International Journal of Dream Research, 3, 15-18.

Karim, A. A., Schneider, M., Lotze, M., Veit, R., Sauseng, P., Braun, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2010). The truth about lying: Inhibition of the anterior prefrontal cortex improves de­ceptive behavior. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 205-213.

Karu TI, Kolyakov SF. Exact action spectra for cellular responses relevant to phototherapy. Photomed Laser Surg 2005;23(4):355 – 61.

A. Kienle, F. K. Forster, and R. Hibst, “Anisotropy of light propagation in biological tissue,” Opt. Lett. 29(22), 2617–2619 (2004).

A. Kienle and R. Hibst, “Light guiding in biological tissue due to scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(1), 018104 (2006).

King RL, Brown JR, Newsome WT, Pauly KB. Effective parameters for ultrasound-induced in vivo neurostimulation. Ultrasound in Med. & Biol., Ultrasound Med Biol. 2013 Feb;39(2):312-31.

Randy L. King, Julian R. Brown, Kim Butts Pauly. Localization of Ultrasound-Induced In Vivo Neurostimulation in the Mouse Model. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. Volume 40, Issue 7 , Pages 1512-1522, July 2014

Kluger, MD,, Benzi M. and William J. Triggs, MD. Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Influence Behavior. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2007, 7:491–497

Min-Fang Kuo and Michael A. Nitsche. Effects of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation on Cognition. Clin EEG Neurosci 2012 43: 192.

Larson J, Wong D, Lynch G: Patterned stimulation at the theta frequency is optimal for the induction of hippocampal long term potentiation. Brain Res 1986, 368:347-350.

Liebetanz, D., Nitsche, M. A., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2002). Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of tran­scranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability. Brain, 125, 2238-2247.

Teresa Iuculano and Roi Cohen Kadosh. The Mental Cost of Cognitive Enhancement. The Journal of Neuroscience, March 6, 2013 • 33(10):4482– 4486

A.A. Marino, E. Nilson, A.L. Chesson, C. Frilot, Effect of low frequency magnetic fields on brain electrical activity in human subjects, Clin. Neurophysiol. 115 (2004) 1195–1201.

Marshall, L., Mölle, M., Hallschmid, M., & Born, J. (2004). Tran­scranial direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 9985-9992.

Marshall, L., Helgadóttir, H., Mölle, M., & Born, J. (2006). Boost­ing slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature, 444, 610-613.

Marshall, L., et al. Slow oscillation electrical brain stimulation during waking promotes EEG theta activity and memory encoding. PNAS, September 8, 2009, vol. 106, no. 36.

McCarthy, T.J., De Taboada, L., Hildebrandt, P.K., Ziemer, E.L., Richieri, S.P., and Streeter, J. (2010). Long-term safety of single and multiple infrared transcranial laser treatments in Sprague-Dawley rats. Photomed. Laser Surg. 28, 663–667

Michalikova S, Ennaceur A, Rensburg Rv, Chazot P: Emotional responses and memory performance of middle-aged CD1 mice in a 3D maze: Effects of low infrared light. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007, 187:312-326.

Bryce P. Mulligan, Michael A. Persinger. Experimental simulation of the effects of sudden increases in geomagnetic activity upon quantitative measures of human brain activity: Validation of correlational studies. Neuroscience Letters 516 (2012) 54– 56

Naeser, M.A., et al., Improved cognitive function after transcranial, light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, traumatic brain injury: two case reports. Photomed Laser Surg, 2011. 29(5): p. 351-8.

Nitsche M A, Liebetanz D, Antal A, Lang N, Tergau F, Paulus W. Modulation of cortical excitability by weak direct current stimulation – technical, safety and functional aspects. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 2003;56:255–76.

Nitsche, M. A., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Antal, A., Tergau, F. & Paulus, W. (2003). Safety criteria for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in humans. Clinical Neuro­physiology, 114, 2220-2222.

Nitsche MA, Seeber A, Frommann K, Klein CC, Rochford C, Nitsche MS, et al. Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. J Physiol 2005;568:291–303.

Nitsche MA, Fricke K, Henschke U, Schlitterlau A, Liebetanz D, Lang N, Henning S, Tergau F, Paulus W. Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans. J Physiol 2003b;553:293–301

Nitsche MA et al. Consolidation of Human Motor Cortical Neuroplasticity by D-Cycloserine. Neuropsycho-pharmacology (2004) 29, 1573–1578

Nitsche, M. A. and Stagg C. J. Physiological Basis of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. The Neuroscientist 17(1) 37–53, 2011.

Thomas Nyffeler et al. Extending lifetime of plastic changes in the human brain. European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 24, pp. 2961–2966, 2006

Lang, N, Nitsche MA, Paulus W, Rothwell JC, Lemon RN. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortex on corticospinal and transcallosal excitability. Exp. Brain Res 2004;156:439–43.

Matsunaga K, Nitsche MA, Tsuji S, Rothwell J. Effect of transcranial DC sensorimotor cortex stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:456–60.

Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche MA, Bermpohl F, Antal A, Feredoes E, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Exp Brain Res 2005;166:23–30.

Frank S. Prato et al. Magnetoreception in laboratory mice: sensitivity to extremely low-frequency fields exceeds 33 nT at 30 Hz. J. R. Soc. Interface 2013 10, 20121046

Purpura, D. P., & McMurtry, J. G. (1965). Intracellular activities and evoked potential changes during polarization of motor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 28, 166-185.

Valdas Noreika, Jennifer M. Windt, Bigna Lenggenhager, & Ahmed A. Karim. New perspectives for the study of lucid dreaming: From brain stimulation to philosophical theories of self-consciousness. International Journal of Dream Research Volume 3, No. 1 (2010)

Michael A. Persinger, Kevin S. Saroka. Minimum Attenuation of Physiologically-Patterned, 1 μTesla Magnetic Fields through Simulated Skull and Cerebral Space. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 2013, 5, 151-156.

Rojas JC, Bruchey AK and Gonzaez-Lima (2012). “Low-Level Light Therapy Improves Cortical Metabolic Capacity and Memory Retention. J Alzheimers Dis. 32(3): 741-52.

Julio C. Rojas and F. Gonzalez-Lima. Neurological and psychological applications of transcranial lasers and LEDs. Biochemical Pharmacology 86 (2013) 447–457

Frank S.Prato et al. The Detection Threshold for Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields May Be Below 1000 nT-Hz in Mice. Bioelectromagnetics 32:561-569(2011)

N. Salansky, A. Fedotchev, A. Bondar, Responses of the nervous system to low frequency stimulation and EEG rhythms: clinical implications, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22 (1998) 395–409.

REUVEN SANDYK and KYRIAKOS DERPAPAS. THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL PICOTESLA RANGE MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE EEG IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE.

REUVEN SANDYK and KYRIAKOS DERPAPAS. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE UNIQUE EFFICACY OF PICOTESLA RANGE MAGNETIC FIELDS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE. Intern. J. Neuroscience, 1993, Vol. 69, pp. 167-183

Sanja Ilic et al. Effects of Power Densities, Continuous and Pulse Frequencies, and Number of Sessions of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Intact Rat Brain. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery Volume 24, Number 4, 2006

Salman Shahid, PengWen, and Tony Ahfock. Assessment of Electric Field Distribution in Anisotropic Corticaland Subcortical Regions Under the Influence of tDCS. Bioelectromagnetics 35:41-57 (2014)

Simal Ozen et al. Transcranial Electric Stimulation Entrains Cortical Neuronal Populations in Rats. The Journal of Neuroscience, August 25, 2010 • 30(34):11476 –11485

E. V. Sharova et al. Changes in Spontaneous Brain Bioelectrical Activity During Transcranial Electrical and Electromagnetic Stimulation. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, Vol. 37, No. 5, 2007

Albert Snowball et al. Long-Term Enhancement of Brain Function and Cognition Using Cognitive Training and Brain Stimulation. Current Biology 23, 987–992, June 3, 2013.

Sulbha K. Sharma et al. Dose Response Effects of 810 nm Laser Light on Mouse Primary Cortical Neurons. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 43:851–859 (2011)

Snyder, A. W., E. Mulcahy, et al. (2003). "Savant-like skills exposed in normal people by suppressing the left fronto-temporal lobe." J. Integr Neurosci. 2(2): 149-58.

Snyder A (2009) Explaining and inducing savant skills: privileged access to lower level, less-processed information. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 364: 1399–1405.

Snyder A, Bahramali H, Hawker T, Mitchell DJ (2006) Savant-like numerosity skills revealed in normal people by magnetic pulses. Percepion 35: 837–845.

Terney D, Chaieb L, Moliadze V, Antal A, Paulus W. Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency Random Noise Stimulation. J. Neurosci 2008;28(52):14147–55.

Tyler WJ, Tufail Y, Finsterwald M, Tauchmann ML, Olson EJ, et al. (2008) Remote Excitation of Neuronal Circuits Using Low-Intensity, Low-Frequency Ultrasound. PLoS ONE 3(10): e3511.

Tyler WJ et al. Transcranial Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulates Intact Brain Circuits. Neuron 66, 681–694, June 10, 2010

Uozumi Y, Nawashiro H, Sato S, Kawauchi S, Shima K, Kikuchi M (2010). “Targeted increase in cerebral blood flow by transcranial near-infrared laser irradiation”. Lasers Surg Med. 42(6):566–576.

Kathrin S. Utz et al. Electrified minds: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) as methods of non-invasive brain stimulation in neuropsychology—A review of current data and future implications. Neuropsychologia 48 (2010) 2789–2810

Wagner T, Valero-Cabre A, Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive human brain stimulation. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2007;9:527–65.

Wagner T, Fregni F, Fecteau S, Grodzinsky A, Zahn M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study. Neuroimage 2007;35:1113–1124.

Wassermann EM, Grafman J. Recharging cognition with DC brain polarization. Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:503–505.

Wong-Riley, M. T., Liang, H. L., Eells, J. T., Chance, B., Henry, M. M., Buchmann, E., Kane, M., and Whelan, H. T., Photobiomodulation directly benefits primary neurons functionally inactivated by toxins: role of cytochrome c oxidase, J Biol Chem. 280, 4761-4771 (2005)

X.Wu et al., “Pulsed light irradiation improves behavioral outcome in a rat model of chronic mild stress,” Lasers Surg. Med. 44(3), 227–232 (2012).

Tino Zaehle, Stefan Rach, Christoph S. Herrmann. Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Enhances Individual Alpha Activity in Human EEG. PLoS ONE November 2010, Volume 5, Issue 11.

Zaghloul Ahmed and Andrzej Wieraszko. The Influence of Pulsed Magnetic Fields (PMFs) on Nonsynaptic Potentials Recorded From the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems In Vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 30:621^630 (2009)

---

* Possible molecular level neurostimulation mechanisms and related works

Adair RK. Constraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Physical Review A 1991;43:1039-1048

R. Adair, Hypothetical biophysical mechanisms for the action of weak low frequency electromagnetic fields at the cellular level, Radiation Protect Dosim. 72 1997. 271–278

Amat A, Rigau J, Waynant RW, Ilev IK, Anders JJ (2006) The electric field induced by light can explain cellular responses to electromagnetic energy: a hypothesis of mechanism. J Photochem Photobiol B 82:152–160.

D. Astumian, H. Berg, Direct electric field effects and sequential processes in biosystems, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 25 1991. 455–462.

Arai A1, Lynch G. Factors regulating the magnitude of long-term potentiation induced by theta pattern stimulation. Brain Res.1992 Dec 11;598(1-2):173-84.

Ayrapetyan, S.N., Grigorian, K.V., Avansion, A.S., and Stanbltsian, K.V., 1994, Magnetic fields alter electrical properties of solutions and their physiological effects. Bioelectromagnetics 18: 133–142.

Elias Aizenman, Karen A. Hartnett, and Ian J. Reynolds. Oxygen Free Radicals Regulate NMDA Receptor Function via a Redox Modulatory Site. Neuron, Vol. 5, W-846, December, 1990

Arne Buschler, Jinzhong Jeremy Goh, and Denise Manahan-Vaughan. Frequency Dependency of NMDA Receptor-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampal CA1 Region of Freely Behaving Mice. HIPPOCAMPUS 00:000–000 (2012)

Chiabrera A, Bianco B, Caratozzolo F, Giannetti G, Grattarola M, Viviani R. 1985. Electric and magnetic field effects on ligand binding to the cell membrane. In: Chiabrera A, Nicolini C, Schwan HP, editors. Interaction between electromagnetic fields and cells, p 253-280. Plenum: New York, London.

James Close. Are stress responses to geomagnetic storms mediated by the cryptochrome compass system? Proc. R. Soc. B (2012) 279, 2081–2090

Aaron Chih-Hao Chen, Ying-Ying Huang, Praveen R Arany, Michael R. Hamblin. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Low Level Light Therapy. In Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy IV, edited by Michael R. Hamblin, Ronald W. Waynant, Juanita Anders, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7165, 716502 · © 2009 SPIE.

Adair, R.K., 1998, A physical analysis of the ion parametric resonance model. Bioelectromagnetics 19: 181–191.

Balcavage WX, Alvager T, Swez J, Goff CW, Fox MT, Abdullyava S, King MW (1996). A mechanism for action of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on biological systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 222:374–378.

Binhi V.N., 2000, Amplitude and frequency dissociation spectra of ion-protein complexes rotating in magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 21: 34–45.

Binhi VN. 1997a. Interference of ion quantum states within a protein explains weak magnetic field's effect on biosystems. Elec Magnetobiol 16:203-214.

Binhi VN. 1997b. The mechanism of magnetosensitive binding of ions by some proteins. Biophysics 42:317-322.

Binhi VN. 1997c. Shift of spectral peaks of some magnetobiological effects under rotation of biological sample in ELF magnetic field. In: The 1997 Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. San Diego, California, November 9-13, p 78.

Binhi VN. 1998a. Interference mechanism for some biological effects of pulsed magnetic fields. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg. 45(1):73-81.

Binhi VN. 1999. A formula for frequency and amplitude windows of some ELF and null MF bioeffects follows from the Schroedinger equation. In: Bersani F, editors. Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine. Plenum Publishing Corporation, p 417-421

Binhi VN, Savin AV. 2002. Molecular gyroscopes and biological effects of weak extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 65:051912.

Blackman, C.F., Benane, S.G., Kinney, L.S., Joines, W.T., and House, D.E., 1982, Effects of ELF fields on calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue in vivo. Rad. Res. 92: 510–520

Blackman CF, Blanchard JP, Benane SG, House DE. 1995. The ion parametric resonance model predicts magnetic field parameters that affect nerve cells. FASEB J 9:547-551.

C.F. Blackman, S.G. Benane, D.E. House, and D.J. Elliott. Importance of Alignment Between Local DC Magnetic Field and an Oscillating Magnetic Field in Responses of Brain Tissue In Vitro and In Vivo. Bioelectromagnetics 11 :159-167 (1990)

Shawn C. Burdette and Stephen J. Lippard. Meeting of the minds: Metalloneurochemistry. PNAS April 1, 2003 vol. 100 no. 7 3605–3610.

Joao J. Cerqueira, Osborne F.X. Almeida, Nuno Sousa. The stressed prefrontal cortex. Left? Right! Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 22 (2008) 630–638

Cifra M, Fields JZ, Farhadi A (2011). Electromagnetic cellular interactions. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 105: 223–246.

Chuang, D-M. et al. (2002) Neuroprotective effects of lithium in cultured cells and animal models of diseases. Bipolar Disord. 4, 129–136

Chen ACH, Huang YY, Arany PR, Hamblin MR: Role of reactive oxygen species in low level light therapy. In Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy IV; San Jose Edited by: Hamblin MR, Anders JJ, Waynant RW. The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA; 2009.

C. A. Colton et al. Nitroxyl anion regulation of the NMDA receptor. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2001, 78, 1126-1134

Comisso N, Del Giudice E, De Ninno A, Fleischmann M, Giuliani L, Mengoli G, Merlo F, Talpo G 2006 Dynamics of the Ion Cyclotron Resonance Effect on Amino Acids Adsorbed at the Interfaces Bioelectr. 27(1) 16-25

Derjugina, O.N., Pisachenko, T.M., and Zhadin, M.N.,1996, Combined action of alternating and static magnetic fields on behavior of rats in the “Open-field” test. Biophysics 41: 762–764.

Doukas AG, Flotte TJ (1996) Physical characteristics and biological effects of laser-induced stresswaves. Ultrasound Med Biol 22:151–164.

Durney, C.H., Rushforth C.K., and Anderson A.A., 1988, Resonant AC-DC magnetic fields: Calculated response. Bioelectromagnetics 9: 315–336.

Galt, S., Sandblom, A., Hamnerius, Y., Hojevic, P., Saalman, E., and Norden, B. 1993, Experimental search for combined AC and DC magnetic field effects on ion channels. Bioelectromagnetics 14: 315–327.

Giuliani L, Grimaldi S, Lisi A, D’Emilia E, Bobkova N, Zhadin M 2008 Action of Combined Magnetic Fields on Aqueous Solutions of Glutamic Acid: The Further Development of Investigations BioMagn. Res. and Tech. 6 1

Del Giudice E, Fleischmann M, Preparata G, Talpo G 2002 On The Unreasonable Effects of Elf Magnetic Fields Upon a System of Ions Bioelectr. 23 522-30

Emilio Del Giudice, Livio Giuliani. Coherence in water and the kT problem in living matter. Eur. J. Oncol. Library, vol. 5.

Stefan Engstrom and Joseph D. Bowman. Magnetic Resonances of Ions in Biological Systems. Bioelectromagnetics 25:620-630 (2004)

Foley, L. E. et al. Human cryptochrome exhibits light-dependent magnetosensitivity. Nat. Commun. 2:356 doi: 10.1038/ncomms1364 (2011)

Jun Gao et al. Coupling between NMDA Receptor and Acid-Sensing Ion Channel Contributes to Ischemic Neuronal Death. Neuron, Vol. 48, 635–646, November 23, 2005

Helene Girouard, Gang Wang, Eduardo F. Gallo, Josef Anrather, Ping Zhou, Virginia M. Pickel, and Costantino Iadecola. NMDA Receptor Activation Increases Free Radical Production through Nitric Oxide and NOX2. The Journal of Neuroscience, February 25, 2009 • 29(8):2545–2552

Shannon D. Gower-Winter and Cathy W. Levenson. Zinc in the central nervous system: From molecules to behavior. Biofactors. 2012 ; 38(3): 186–193.

Andreas M. Grabrucker et al. Brain-Delivery of Zinc-Ions as Potential Treatment for Neurological Diseases: Mini Review. Drug Deliv Lett. 2011 September ; 1(1): 13–23.

Halle, B., 1988, On the cyclotron resonance mechanism for magnetic fields on transmembrane ion conductivity. Bioelectromagnetics 14: 381–385.

Hashimoto, R. et al. (2002) Lithium induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor and activates TrkB in rodent cortical neurons: an essential step for neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 43, 1173–1179

Ryota Hashimoto et al. Lithium protection against glutamate excitotoxicity in rat cerebral cortical neurons: involvement of NMDA receptor inhibition possibly by decreasing NR2B tyrosine phosphorylation. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2002, 80, 589-597.

Harvey, B.H. et al. (1994) Evidence that lithium induces a glutamatergic: nitric oxide-mediated response in rat brain. Neurochem. Res. 19, 469–474

Huang YY, et al., Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) reduces oxidative stress in primary cortical neurons in vitro. J. Biophotonics, 2012.

Michael R Hamblin and Tatiana N Demidova. Mechanisms of Low Level Light Therapy. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6140, 614001, (2006).

Mark D. McDonnell, Derek Abbott. What Is Stochastic Resonance? Definitions, Misconceptions, Debates, and Its Relevance to Biology. PLoS Computational Biology, May 2009, Volume 5, Issue 5.

Fukumoto, T. et al. (2001) Chronic lithium treatment increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 158, 100–106

Karabakhtsian R, Broude N, Shalts N, Kochlatyi S, Goodman R, Henderson AS (1994). Calcium is necessary in the cell response to EM fields. FEBS Lett 349:1–6.

Tiina I. Karu. Mitochondrial Signaling in Mammalian Cells Activated by Red and Near-IR Radiation. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2008, 84: 1091–1099

Karu T. I. (2000). “Mechanism of low-power laser light action on cellular level”. Proc SPIE. 2000;4159:1-17

T. I. Karu et al., “Elementary processes in cells after light absorption do not depend on the degree of polarization: implications for the mechanisms of laser phototherapy,” Photomed. Laser Surg. 26(2), 77–82 (2008)

T. I. Karu, “Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells,” J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 49(1), 1–17 (1999).

Karkanias, N.B. and Papke, R.L. (1999) Subtype-specific effects of lithium on glutamate receptor function. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 1506–1512

G.G. Kinney, P. Patino, Y. Mermet-Bouvier, J.E. Starrett Jr., V.K. Gribkoff, Cognition-enhancing drugs increase stimulated hippocampal theta rhythm amplitude in the urethane-anesthetized rat, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 291 (1999) 99–106.

W. Klimesch, EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 29 (1999) 169–195.

Lednev, V.V., 1991, Possible mechanism for the influence of weak magnetic fields on biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics 12: 71–75.

Liboff A R 1985 Geomagnetic Cyclotron Resonance in Membrane Transport J.Biol. Phys. 13 99-102

Abraham R. Liboff. The Charge-to-Mass ICR Signature in Weak ELF Bioelectromagnetic Effects. In Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems, Volume 4, edited by James C. Lin, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, 2005.

Liboff, A.R., 1997, Electric-field ion cyclotron resonance. Bioelectromagnetics 18: 85–87.

Liboff AR (2009). Electric polarization and the viability of living systems: ion cyclotron resonance-like interactions. Electromagn Biol Med 28:124–134

Miriam Liedvogel and Henrik Mouritsen. Cryptochromes-a potential magnetoreceptor: what do we know and what do we want to know? J. R. Soc. Interface (2010) 7, S147–S162

Lisi A, Ledda M, de Carlo F, Pozzi D, Messina E, Gaetani R, Chimenti I, et al. (2008). Ion cyclotron resonance as a tool in regenerative medicine. Electromagn Biol Med 27:127–133.

Lee B-C, Johng H-M, Lim J-K, Jeong JH, Baik KY, Nam TJ, Lee JH, et al. (2004). Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on the antioxidant defense system in mouse brain: a chemiluminescence study. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 73:43–48.

Lubart, R., Lavi, R., Friedmann, H., and Rochkind, S., "Photochemistry and photobiology of light absorption by living cells," Photomed Laser Surg. 24, 179-185 (2006)

Lovely, R.H., Creim, J.A., Miller, D.L., and Anderson, L.E., 1993, Behavior of rats in a radial arm maze during exposure to magnetic fields: Evidence for effects of magnesium ion resonance. 15th annual meeting Bioelectromagnetics Society, Abstract EI-6, Los Angeles.

Lynch, G. (2002). "Memory enhancement: the search for mechanism-based drugs." Nature Neuroscience 5: 1035-1038.

Lei Mao and Jacqueline Franke. Hormesis in Aging and Neurodegeneration—A Prodigy Awaiting Dissection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 13109-13128

Alistair Mathie et al. Zinc and copper: Pharmacological probes and endogenous modulators of neuronal excitability. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 111 (2006) 567 – 583

B. E. MCKAY, M. A. PERSINGER. LITHIUM ION “CYCLOTRON RESONANCE” MAGNETIC FIELDS DECREASE SEIZURE ONSET TIMES IN LITHIUM-PILOCARPINE SEIZED RATS. Intern. J. Neuroscience, 114:1035–1045, 2004

David J. Muehsam and Arthur A. Pilla. A Lorentz Model for Weak Magnetic Field Bioeffects: Part I - Thermal Noise Is an Essential Component of AC/DC Effects on Bound Ion Trajectory. Bioelectromagnetics 30:462^475 (2009)

Nawrocka-Bogusz H, Jaroszyk F (2001). May the variable magnetic field and pulse red light induce synergy effects in respiratory burst of neutrophils in vitro? J Phys Conf Ser 329:1–9.

Mehdi Ghasemi and Ahmad Reza Dehpou. The NMDA receptor/nitric oxide pathway: a target for the therapeutic and toxic effects of lithium. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences July 2011, Vol. 32, No. 7

A De Ninno and A Congiu Castellano. On the Effect of Weak Magnetic Field on Solutions of Glutamic Acid: the Function of Water. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 329 (2011) 012025.

De Ninno A, Congiu Castellano A 2011 Deprotonation of glutamic acid induced by weak magnetic field: An FTIR-ATR study Bioelectr. 32 218-255

Antonella De Ninno and Agostina Congiu Castellano. Influence of Magnetic Fields on the Hydration Process of Amino Acids: Vibrational Spectroscopy Study of L-Phenylalanine and L-Glutamine. Bioelectromagnetics 35:129-135 (2014)

Noda Y, Mori A, Liburdy RP, Packer L (2000a). Pulsed magnetic fields enhance nitric oxide synthase activity in rat cerebellum. Pathophysiology 7:127–130.

Nonaka, S. et al. (1998) Chronic lithium treatment robustly protects neurons in the central nervous system against excitotoxicity by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 2642–2647

Nonaka, S. and Chuang, D.M. (1998) Neuroprotective effects of chronic lithium on focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroreport 9, 2081–2084

M. Nikolova, R. Tsikalova, R. Nikolov, M. Taskov, V. Vlahov, Experimental rheoencephalographic and electroencephalographic investigations on piracetam, Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2 (1980) 327–333.

Novikoff, V.V., and Zhadin, M.N., 1994, Combined action of weak constant and variable low-frequency magnetic fields on ionic currents in aqueous solutions of amino acids. Biophysics 39: 41–45.

V. V. Novikov, V. O. Ponomarev, G. V. Novikov, V. V. Kuvichkin, E. V. Yablokova, and E. E. Fesenko. Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of the Biological Action of Weak and Extremely Weak Magnetic Fields. Biophysics August 2010, Volume 55, Issue 4, pp 565-572.

G. NOWAK, B. SZEWCZYK. Mechanisms contributing to antidepressant zinc action. Pol. J. Pharmacol., 2002, 54, 587–592.

Sylwia Olsztynska-Janus et al. Conformational changes of L-phenylalanine – Near infrared-induced mechanism of dimerization: B3LYP studies. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 911 (2009) 1–7

S. Olsztyn´ska-Janus and M. Komorowska, Conformational changes of L-phenylalanine induced by near infrared radiation. ATR-FTIR studies. Struct Chem (2012) 23:1399–1407

Parkinson, W.C., and Hanks, C.T. 1989, Search for cyclotron resonance in cells in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 10: 129–145.

Pazur A 2004 Characterisation Of Weak Magnetic Field Effects in an Aqueous Glutamic Acid Solution by Nonlinear Dielectric Spectroscopy and Voltammetry BioMagn. Res. and Tech. 2 8

Portaccio M, De Luca P, Durante D, Grano V, Rossi S, Bencivenga U, Lepore M, Mita DG (2005). Modulation of the catalytic activity of free and immobilized peroxidase by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: dependence on frequency. Bioelectromagnetics 26:145–152.

Prast, H. and Philippu, A. (2001) Nitric oxide as modulator of neuronal function. Prog. Neurobiol. 64, 51–68

Prato F.S., Carson J.L., Ossenkopp K.P., and Kavaliers M., 1995, Possible mechanism by which extremely low frequency magnetic fields affect opioid function. FASEB J. 9: 807–814.

Prato, F.S., Kavaliers, M., Cullen, A.P., and Thomas, A.W., 1997, Light-dependent and -independent behavioral effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 18: 284–291.

Eric C. Peterson, Zhengfeng Wang, and Gavin Britz. Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow. International Journal of Vascular Medicine Volume 2011, Article ID 823525, 8 pages

B. Poljsak and I.Milisav. The Neglected Significance of “Antioxidative Stress”. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2012, Article ID 480895, 12 pages

V.G. Rebrov et al. Low-frequency magnetic radiation leads to the broadening of valent bonds in protein infrared spectra. Pathophysiology 18 (2011) 121–123

Rubinov, A. N., and Afanasev, A. A., "Nonresonance mechanisms of biological effects of coherent and incoherent light," Optics Spectroscopy. 98, 943-948 (2005)

W.G. Sannita, V. Balestra, G. Rosadini, M. Salama, C. Timitilli, Quantitative EEG and neuropsychological effects of piracetam and of the association piracetamlecithin in healthy volunteers, Neuropsychobiology 14 (1985) 203–209.

Shibuya-Tayoshi, S. et al. (2008) Lithium effects on brain glutamatergic and GABAergic systems of healthy volunteers as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 32, 249–256

Fredric Schiffer, Andrea L Johnston, Caitlin Ravichandran, Ann Polcari, Martin H Teicher, Robert H Webb and Michael R Hamblin. Psychological benefits 2 and 4 weeks after a single treatment with near infrared light to the forehead: a pilot study of 10 patients with major depression and anxiety. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2009, 5:46

Schreck, R., and Baeuerle, P. A., "A role for oxygen radicals as second messengers," Trends Cell Biol. 1, 39-42 (1991)

Smith, S.D., McLeod, B.R., and Liboff, A.R., 1995, Testing the ion cyclotron resonance theory of electromagnetic field interaction with odd and even harmonic tuning for cations. Bioelectrochemistry and Boenergetics 38:161–167.

Robert F. Smith. Lithium as a Normal Metabolite: Some Implications for Cyclotron Resonance of Ions in Magnetic Fields. Bioelectromagnetics 9:387-391 (1988)

Sourial-Bassillious, N. et al. (2009) Glutamate-mediated calcium signaling: A potential target for lithium action. Neuroscience 161, 1126–1134

Stefano L. Sensi et al. The Neurophysiology and Pathology of Brain Zinc. The Journal of Neuroscience, November 9, 2011 • 31(45):16076 –16085.

Sang Won Suh et al. Decreased brain zinc availability reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in mice and rats. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2009) 29, 1579–1588

Bernadeta Szewczyk. Zinc homeostasis and neurodegenerative disorders. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, July 2013 | Volume 5 | Article 33

Michael Ristow, Sebastian Schmeisser. Extending life span by increasing oxidative stress Free Radical Biology & Medicine 51 (2011) 327–336

CHA-MIN TANG, MARC DICHTER, AND MARTIN MORAD. Modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate channel by extracellular H+. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 87, pp. 6445-6449, August 1990 Neurobiology

Thomas, J.R., Schrot, J., and Liboff, A.R., 1986, Low-intensity magnetic fields alter operant behavior in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 7: 349–357.

William J. Tyler. Noninvasive Neuromodulation with Ultrasound? A Continuum Mechanics Hypothesis. Neuroscientist OnlineFirst, published on January 25, 2010

Vasily Vorobyov, Vladimir Kaptsov, Georgy Kovalev, Frank Sengpiel. Effects of nootropics on the EEG in conscious rats and their modification by glutamatergic inhibitors. Brain Research Bulletin 85 (2011) 123–132

Yokoi I, Kabuto H, Nanba Y, Yamamoto N, Ogawa N, Mori A (2000). Alternate magnetic field potentiate monoamine oxidase activity in the brain. Pathophysiology 7:121–125.

G.Vincze, A. Szasz, and A.R. Liboff. New Theoretical Treatment of Ion Resonance Phenomena. Bioelectromagnetics 29:380-386 (2008)

Weaver, J.C., and Astumian, R.D., 1990, The response of living cells to very weak magnetic fields: The thermal noise limit. Science 247: 459–462.

Soroush Zaghi, Mariana Acar, Brittney Hultgren, Paulo S. Boggio, and Felipe Fregni. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation with Low-Intensity Electrical Currents: Putative Mechanisms of Action for Direct and Alternating Current Stimulation. Neuroscientist OnlineFirst, December 29, 2009

Zhadin M.N., Novikoff V.V., Barnes F.S., and Pergola, M.F., 1998, Combined action of static and alternating magnetic fields on ionic current in aqueous glutamic acid solution. Bioelectromagnetics 19: 41–45.

Zhadin M.N., 1998, Combined action of static and alternating magnetic fields on ion motion in a macromolecule: Theoretical aspects. Bioelectromagnetics 19: 279–292.

Zhadin M.N., Deryugina O.N., and Pisachenko T.M., 1999, Influence of combined DC and AC magnetic fields on rat behavior. Bioelectromagnetics 20: 378–386.

---

* Putative subatomic level mechanisms and related works

Gustav Bernroider and Sisir Roy. Quantum entanglement of K+ ions, multiple channel states and the role of noise in the brain. In Fluctuations and Noise in Biological, Biophysical, and Biomedical Systems III, edited by Nigel G. Stocks, Derek Abbott, Robert P. Morse, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5841 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2005)

Anatoly L. Buchachenko, Dmitry A. Kuznetsov, and Natalia N. Breslavskaya. Ion-Radical Mechanism of Enzymatic ATP Synthesis: DFT Calculations and Experimental Control. J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 2287–2292

Anatoly L. Buchachenko, Dmitry A. Kuznetsov, and Natalia N. Breslavskaya. Chemistry of Enzymatic ATP Synthesis: An Insight through the Isotope Window. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 2042–2058

Anatoly L. Buchachenko et al. Dependence of Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis on the Nuclear Magnetic Moment of Magnesium Ions. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 396, 2004, pp. 197–199. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 396, No. 6, 2004, pp. 828–830.

Anatoly L. Buchachenko et al. Magnetic isotope effect of magnesium in phosphoglycerate kinase phosphorylation. PNAS August 2, 2005 vol. 102 no. 31 10793–10796

Anatoly L. Buchachenko, Dmitry A. Kouznetsov, Natalia N. Breslavskaya, and Marina A. Orlova. Magnesium Isotope Effects in Enzymatic Phosphorylation. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 2548-2556

A.L.Buchachenko and V.L.Berdinskii. Chemically Induced Radio-frequency Emission and Chemical Radiophysics. Translated from Uspekhi Khimii, 52 3 - 1 9 (1983)

Anatoly L. Buchachenko, Nikita N. Lukzen and J. Boiden Pedersen. On the magnetic field and isotope effects in enzymatic phosphorylation. Chemical Physics Letters 434 (2007) 139–143

A.L. Buchachenko et al. Calcium induced ATP synthesis: Isotope effect, magnetic parameters and mechanism. Chemical Physics Letters 505 (2011) 130–134

Anatoly L. Buchachenko and Dmitry A. Kuznetsov. Magnetic Field Affects Enzymatic ATP Synthesis J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2008, 130, 12868–12869

A. L. Buchachenko and D. A. Kouznetsov. Efficiency of ATP Synthase as a Molecular Machine. Biophysics, 2008, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 219–222.

A. L. Buchachenko and D. A. Kuznetsov. Magnesium Magnetic Isotope Effect: A Key to the Mechanochemistry of Phosphorylating Enzymes as Molecular Machines. Molecular Biology, 2006, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 9–15.

A. L. Buchachenko, D. A. Kuznetsov, and V. L. Berdinsky. New Mechanisms of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Biophysics, 2006, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 489–496.

P. T. Callaghan and M. Le Gros. Nuclear spins in the Earth's magnetic field. Am. J. Phys. 50(8), Aug. 1982

Chiabrera A, Bianco B, Tommasi T, Moggia E. 1992. Langevin–Lorentz and Zeeman–Stark models of bioelectromagnetic effects. Acta Pharm 42:315–322.

Aarholt E et al. NMR Conditions in Biological Systems. Pp. 75-104 in "Modern Bioelectricity" (Marino A A, ed., 1988).

Ruyten WM. 1990a. Magnetic and optical resonance of two-level quantum systems in modulated fields. i. bloch equation approach. PhysRevAAtomicMolOptPhys42(7):4226–4245.

Ruyten WM. 1990b. Magnetic and optical resonance of two-level quantum systems in modulated fields. ii. floquet hamiltonian approach. Phys Rev A Atomic Mol Opt Phys 42(7):4246–4254.

Wenjun J.Sun et al. Calcium Efflux of Plasma Membrane Vesicles Exposed to ELF Magnetic Fields. Test of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Interaction Model. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012 Oct;33(7):535-42.

V. O. Ponomarev and V. V. Novikov. Effect of Low-Frequency Alternating Magnetic Fields on the Rate of Biochemical Reactions Proceeding with Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species. Biophysics, 2009, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 163–168.

Klaus Schulten. Magnetic field effects on radical pair processes in chemistry and biology. In J. H. Bernhard, editor, Biological Effects of Static and Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields, pp. 133-140. MMV Medizin Verlag, Munich, 1986.

C. Timmel, U. Till, B. Brocklehurst, K. McLauchlan, P. Hore, Effects of weak magnetic fields on free radical recombination reactions, Mol. Phys. 95 1998. 71–89.

J. Walleczek, Magnetokinetic effects on radical pairs: a paradigm for magnetic field interactions with biological systems at lower than thermal energy, in: M. Blank Ed.., Electromagnetic fields: Biological Interactions and Mechanisms, Vol. 250, American Chem. Soc., Washington, 1995, 395–420.

Yabuzaki T, Nakayama S, Murakami Y, Ogawa T. 1974. Interaction between a spin-1/2 atom and a strong rf field. Phys Rev A 10(6):1955–1963.

S. D. Zakharov. On the Possible Fundamental Unity of Magnetobiological “Resonances”. Biophysics, 2010, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 561–564.

---

* Neuronal growth promotion and control via neurostimulation

Blackman CF, Blanchard JP, Benane SG, House DE, Elder JA. 1998b. Double blind test of magnetic field effects on neurite outgrowth. Bioelectromagnetics 19:204-209.

C F Blackman, S G Benane, D E House Evidence for direct effect of magnetic fields on neurite outgrowth. The FASEB Journal. 07/1993; 7(9):801-6.

Dickson BJ (2002) Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance. Science 298:1959–1964

Ehrlicher A, Betz T, Stuhrmann B, Koch D, Milner V, Raizen MG, Ka¨s J (2002) Guiding neuronal growth with light. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16024–16028. Goldberg JL (2003) How does an axon grow? Genes Dev 17:941–958.

Higuchi A, Watanabe T, Noguchi Y, Chang Y, Chen WY, Matsuoka Y (2007) Visible light regulates neurite outgrowth of nerve cells. Cytotechnology

Hugo Hernandez-Hernandez et al. Neurite Outgrowth on Chromaffin Cells Applying Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields by Permanent Magnets. Archives of Medical Research 40 (2010) 545e550

MelissaY. Macias, Joseph H. Battocletti,Carl H. Sutton, Frank A. Pintar, and Dennis J. Maiman. Directed and Enhanced Neurite Growth With Pulsed Magnetic Field Stimulation. Bioelectromagnetics 21:272-286 (2000)

Manoj Mathew, Ivan Amat-Roldan, Rosa Andre´s, Iain G. Cormack, David Artigas, Eduardo Soriano, Pablo Loza-Alvarez. Influence of distant femtosecond laser pulses on growth cone fillopodia. Cytotechnology (2008) 58:103–111

Manoj Mathew et al. Signalling effect of NIR pulsed lasers on axonal growth. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 186 (2010) 196–201

C. D. McCaig. Nerve branching is induced and oriented by a small applied electric field. Journal of Cell Science 95, 605-615 (1990)

C. D. McCaig. (1986). Dynamic aspects of amphibian neurite growth and the effects of an applied electric field. J. Phvsiol. 375, 55-69.

C. D. McCaig. (1987n). Neuronal morphology is influenced by an applied electric field. Neumsci. Lett. Suppl. 29, S 35.

C. D. McCaig. (19876). Spinal neurite reabsorption and regrowth depend on the polarity of an applied electric field. Development 100,31-41.

C. D. McCaig. (1988). Nerve guidance: A role for bio-electric fields? Prog. Neurobiol. 30, 449-468.

C. D. McCaig. (1990). Nerve growth in a small applied electric field and the effects of pharmacological agents on rate and orientation. J. Cell Sci. 95, 617-622.

C. D. McCaig. Et al. Controlling Cell Behavior Electrically: Current Views and Future Potential. Physiol Rev 85: 943–978, 2005;

McCaig CD and Erskine L. Nerve growth and nerve guidance in a physiological electric field. In: Nerve Growth and Guidance, edited by McCaig CD. London: Portland, 1996, p. 151–170.

McCaig CD and Rajnicek AM. Electric fields, nerve growth and nerve regeneration. Exp Physiol 76: 473–494, 1991.

McCaig CD, Rajnicek AM, Song B, and Zhao M. Has electrical growth cone guidance found its potential? Trends Neurosci 25: 354–359, 2002.

Cathy W. Levenson and Deborah Morris. Zinc and Neurogenesis: Making New Neurons from Development to Adulthood. Adv. Nutr. 2: 96–100, 2011

Patel NB, Poo MM (1982) Orientation of neurite growth by extracellular electric fields. J Neurosci 2:483–496

Piacentini R, Ripoli C, Mezzogori D, Azzena GB, Grassi C (2008) Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields promote in vitro neurogenesis via upregulation of cav1-channel activity. J Cell Physiol 215:129–139.

Stevenson DJ, Lake TK, Agate B, Garce´s-Cha´vez V, Dholakia K, Gunn-Moore F (2006) Optically guided neuronal growth at near infrared wavelengths. Opt Express 14:9786–9793

P. Taupin, Nootropic agents stimulate neurogenesis. Brain Cells, Inc.: WO2007104035, Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat. 19 (2009) 727–730.

Trillo, M.A., Ubeda,. A., Blanchard, J.P., House, D.E., and Blackman, C.F., 1996, Magnetic fields at resonant conditions for the hydrogen atom can affect neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 17: 10–20.

Fatma Vatansever, Weijun Xuan, Ying-Ying Huang, Michael R Hamblin. Transcranial low-level light therapy produces neuroprotection, neurogenesis and BDNF after TBI in mice. In Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy VIII, edited by Michael R. Hamblin, Praveen R. Arany, James D. Carroll, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8569, 85690E · © 2013 SPIE

Wen Z, Zheng JQ (2006) Directional guidance of nerve growth cones. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:52–58.

Zheng JQ (2000) Turning of nerve growth cones induced by localized increases in intracellular calcium ions. Nature 403:89–93.

---

* Neurofeedback

Angelakis E., Lubar J.F., Stathopoulou S., Kounios J. Peak alpha frequency: an electroencephalographic measure of cognitive preparedness // Clinical Neurophysioology. 2004. № 115. Р. 887—897.

Bazanova O.M., Jafarova O.A., Mernaya E.M. et al. Optimal functioning psychophysiological bases and neurofeedback training // International J. of Psychophysiology. 2008. V. 69, № 3. Р. 164.

Budzinsky T.H. (ed) et al. Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback. Elsevier, 2009.

Chapin T. J. and Russel-Chapin L.A. Neurotherapy and Neurofeedback. Routledge, 2014

Gersten A, Perl J, Raz A, Fried R. Simple exercises that significantly increase cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation. Hunter College preprint 2006b;

Kraft U (2006). “Train Your Brain-Mental exercises with neurofeedback may ease symptoms of attention-deficit disorder, epilepsy and depression--and even boost cognition in healthy brains”. Scientific American. 2006

Hanslmayr S., Sauseng P., Doppelmayr M. et al. Increasing individual upper alpha power by neurofeedback improves cognitive performance // Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback. 2005. № 30. Р. 1—10.

Wittling, W. et al. (1998) Hemisphere asymmetry in parasympathetic control of the heart. Neuropsychologia 36, 461–468

---

* Neuronal plasticity, learning, memory, the “binding factor”

Costas A Anastassiou et al. Ephaptic coupling of cortical neurons. Nature NEUROSCIENCE VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2, FEBRUARY 2011.

Bressler SL. Large-scale cortical networks and cognition. Brain Res Rev 1995;20:288–304.

Brita Fritsch et al. Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: Potential implications for motor learning. Neuron. 2010 April 29; 66(2): 198–204.

Fries P. Neuronal gamma-band synchronization as a fundamental process in cortical computation. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:209-24.

Gross DW, Gotman J. Correlation of high-frequency oscillations with the sleep–wake cycle and cognitive activity in humans. Neuroscience 1999;94:1005–1018.

A.D. (Bud) Craig. Forebrain emotional asymmetry: a neuroanatomical basis? TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.9 No.12 December 2005

Francis Crick and Chridof Koch. Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences, V012, 1990 : pp 263-275

Gilden, D. L., Thornton, T., & Mallon, M. W. (1995). 1/f noise in human cognition. Science, 267, 1837-1839.

Gilden, D. L. (2001). Cognitive emissions of 1/f noise. Psychological Review, 108, 33–56.

Jausovec N. Differences in cognitive processes between gifted, intelligent, creative, and average individuals while solving complex problems: an EEG study // Intelligence. 2000. V. 28. 3. P. 213–237.

Martindale C. Biological bases of creativity // R. J. Sternberg (Ed.) Handbook of creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 137–152.

Michael D. Greicius et al. Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. PNAS January 7, 2003 vol. 100 no. 1 253–258

Mihov K.M., Denzler M., Förster J. Hemispheric specialization and сreative thinking: A meta-analytic review of lateralization of creativity // Brain and Cognition. 2010. 72. 442–448.

Diala Habib and Hans C. Dringenberg. Low-Frequency-Induced Synaptic Potentiation: A Paradigm Shift in the Field of Memory-Related Plasticity Mechanisms? HIPPOCAMPUS 20:29–35 (2010)

Christoph S. Herrmann et al. Cognitive functions of gamma-band activity: memory match and utilization. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.8 No.8 August 2004 Michal Hetman, Giorgi Kharebava. Survival signaling pathways activated by NMDA receptors. Curr Top Med Chem. 2006;6(8):787-799

Jelic V, Shigeta M, Julin P, Almkvist O, Winblad B, Wahlund LO: Quantitative electroencephalography power and coherence in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Dementia 1996, 7:314-323.

KENNETH T. KISHIDA and ERIC KLANN. Sources and Targets of Reactive Oxygen Species in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 February ; 9(2): 233–244.

Wolfgang Klimesch. Memory processes, brain oscillations and EEG synchronization International Journal of Psychophysiology 24 (1996) 61-100

Klimesch W: EEG-alpha rhythms and memory processes. Int J Psychophysiol1997,26:319-340.

Klimesch W, Vogt F, Doppelmayr M: High-frequency components in the alpha band and memory performance. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1998, 15:167-172.

Klimesch, W., EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis // Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. - 1999. – 29. –P. 169-195.

Kuskowski MA, Mortimer JA, Morley GK, Malone SM, Okaya AJ: Rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease is associated with EEG alpha power. Biol Psychiatry 1993, 33:659-662.

K.J. Meador, MD; P.G. Ray, PhD; J.R. Echauz, PhD; D.W. Loring, PhD; and G.J. Vachtsevanos, PhD. Gamma coherence and conscious perception. NEUROLOGY 2002; 59:847–854

Mattson MP. Glutamate and neurotrophic factors in neuronal plasticity and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1144:97–112.

CARLA MARCHETTI and PAOLA GAVAZZO. NMDA Receptors as Targets of Heavy Metal Interaction and Toxicity. Neurotoxicity Research, 2005, VOL. 8(3,4). pp. 245-258

Martin SJ, Grimwood PD, Morris RGM. Synaptic plasticity and memory: An evaluation of the hypothesis. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2000;23:649–711.

Martinez JLJ, Derrick BE: Long-term potentiation and learning. Annu Rev Psychol 1996, 47:173-203.

Metzinger, T. (Ed.). (2000). Neural correlates of consciousness. Empirical and conceptual questions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Moss, F.: Noise is good for the brain. Physics World 2, 15–16 (1997)

Hellmuth Petsche & Susan C. Etlinger (1998) EEG Aspects of Cognitive Processes: A Contribution to the Proteus-like Nature of Consciousness, International Journal of Psychology, 33:3, 199-212

Van Orden, G. C., Holden, J. G., & Turvey, M. T. (2003). Self-organization of cognitive performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 331-350.

Van Orden, G. C., Holden, J. G., & Turvey, M. T. (2005). Human cognition and 1/f scaling. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 117-123.

Petsche, 1996; Petsche H. Approaches to verbal, visual and musical creativity by EEG coherence analysis // Int. J. Psychophysiol. - 1996. - N1-2. - P.145-159.

J. Pokorny, T. Wu, Biophysical Aspects of Coherence and Biological Order, Springer, Heidelberg, 1998.

Antti Revonsuo. Binding and the Phenomenal Unity of Consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 8, 173–185 (1999)

Razoumnikova O.M. Functional organization of different brain areas during convergent and divergent thinking: An EEG investigation // Cogn. Brain Res.- 2000. - N10.- P.11-18

Roskies AL. The binding problem. Neuron 1999; 24:7–9.

Sugiura M., Kawashima R., Nakagawa M. Correlation between human personality and neural activity in cerebral cortex. Neuroimage. -2000. -V.5. -Pt 1. - P.541-546.

Shadlen MN, Movshon JA. Synchrony unbound: a critical evaluation of the temporal binding hypothesis. Neuron 1999; 24:67–77.

Singer W. Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning. Annu Rev Physiol 1993;55:349–374.

URSULA STAUBLI, GARY ROGERS, AND GARY LYNCH. Facilitation of glutamate receptors enhances memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 777-781, January 1994 Neurobiology Stickgold, R. (2005). "Sleep-dependent memory consolidation." Nature 437(7063): 1272-1278.

Susan Pockett et al. EEG synchrony during a perceptual-cognitive task: Widespread phase synchrony at all frequencies. Clinical Neurophysiology 120 (2009) 695–708

Susan Pockett, Mark D. Holmes. Intracranial EEG power spectra and phase synchrony during consciousness and unconsciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 18 (2009) 1049–1055

Astrid von Stein, Johannes Sarnthein. Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: from local gamma to long range alpha/ theta synchronization. International Journal of Psychophysiology 38 2000. 301-313

W.J. Ray, H.W. Cole, EEG alpha activity reflects attentional demands, and beta activity reflects emotional and cognitive processes, Science 228 (1985) 750–752.

Joliot M, Ribary U, Llinàs R. Human oscillatory brain activity near 40 Hz coexists with cognitive temporal binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:11748–11751.

Thacher R.W., North D., Biver C. EEG and intelligence: relations between EEG coherence, EEG phase delay and power Clin. Neurophysiol. -2005. - N9.- P.2129-2141.

Tran Y., Craig A., Boord P., Connell K., et al. Personality traits and its association with resting regional brain activity // Int. J. Psychophysiol. – 2006. -N3.- P. 215-224.

L.M. Ward, Synchronous neural oscillations and cognitive processes, Trends Cogn. Sci. 7 (2003) 553–559.

Watabe AM, O'Dell TJ: Age-related changes in theta frequency stimulation-induced long-term potentiation. Neurobiol Aging 2003, 24:267-272.

Winder, R. and J. Borrill (1998). "Fuels for memory: the role of oxygen and glucose in memory enhancement." Psychopharmacology 136(4): 349-356.

---

* Miscellaneous electromagnetic signalling in the brain

Bajpai, R.P.: Quantum coherence of biophotons and living systems. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 41, 514–527 (2003)

Erol Basar, Canan Basar-Eroglu, Sirel Karakas and Martin Schurmann. Oscillatory Brain Theory: A New Trend in Neuroscience. The Role of Oscillutory Processes in Sensory and Cognitive Functions. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, May/June 1999

Erol Basar , Canan Basar-Eroglu, Sirel Karakas, Martin Schurmann. Gamma, alpha, delta, and theta oscillations govern cognitive processes. International Journal of Psychophysiology 39 2001. 241-248

Bowden E.M., Jung-Beeman M. Aha! Insight experience correlates with solution activation in the right hemisphere. Psychonomic Bull. Rev. - 2003. - N10.- P.730-737

Hermann Berg. Problems of weak electromagnetic field effects in cell biology. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 48, 1999. 355–360

Hermann. Berg, Possibilities and problems of low frequency weak electromagnetic fields in cell biology, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 38 1995. 153–159.

Istvan Bókkon, Vahid Salari. Information storing by biomagnetites. J Biol Phys (2010) 36:109–120

István Bókkon. Dreams and Neuroholography: An Interdisciplinary Interpretation of Development of Homeotherm State in Evolution. Sleep and Hypnosis, 7:2, 2005

Bordi, F., Cametti, C., Natali, F.: Electrical conductivity and ion permeation in planar lipid membranes. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetic 41, 197–200 (1996)

B.T. Dotta, K.S. Saroka, M. A. Persinger; Increased photon emission from the head while imagining light in the dark isconcomitant with cerebral electroencephalographic power: Possible support for the Bokkon Biophoton Hypothesis; Neuroscience Letters; 513; 151-154; 2012.

Dotta, B. T. & Persinger, M. A., Increased Photon Emissions from the Right But Not the Left Hemisphere While Imagining White Light in the Dark: The Potential Connection Between Consciousness and Cerebral Light. Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research, December 2011, Vol. 2, Issue 10, pp. 1463-1473

Basar E, Basar-Eroglu C, Karakas S, Schurmann M: Brain oscillations in perception and memory. Int J Psychophysiol 2000, 35:95-124.

Blake T. Dotta, Carly A. Buckner, Dianne Cameron, Robert M. Lafrenie and Michael A. Persinger. Biophoton emissions from cell cultures: biochemical evidence for the plasma membrane as the primary source. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. (2011), 30, 301–309

György Buzsáki. Rhythms of the brain. 2006 by Oxford University Press.

Jefferys,J.G. (1995). Nonsynaptic modulation of neuronal activity in the brain: electric currents and extracellular ions. Physiol Rev 75, 689-723.

Grundler, W., Kaiser, F., Keilmann, F., Walleczek, J. Mechanisms of electromagnetic interaction with cellular systems. Naturwissenschaften 79, 551–559 (1992)

Del Giudice E, Preparata G, Vitiello G. Water as a free electric dipole laser Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 1085 (1988)

Y. Isojima, T. Isoshima, K. Nagai, K. Kikuchi, and H. Nakagawa; Ultraweak biochemiluminescence detected from rat hippocampal slices; NeuroReport; 6; 658–660; 1995.

Kobayashi, M., Takeda, M., Sato, T., Yamazaki, Y., Kaneko, K., Ito, K., Kato, H., Inaba, H.: In vivo imaging of spontaneous ultraweak photon emission from a rat’s brain correlated with cerebral energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Neurosci. Res. 34, 103–113 (1999)

Ho, M.W., Haffegee, J., Newton, R., Zhou, Y., Bolton, J.S., Ross, S.: Organisms as polyphasic liquid crystals. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 41, 81–91 (1996)

Pilla, A.A., Nasser, P.R., Kaufmann, J.J.: On the sensitivity of cells and tissues to therapeutic and environmental electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 30, 161–169 (1993)

Michael A. Persinger, Blake T. Dotta, Kevin S. Saroka. Bright light transmits through the brain: Measurement of photon emissions and frequency-dependent modulation of spectral electroencephalographic power. World Journal of Neuroscience, 2013, 3, 10-16.

Popp, F.A.: Properties of biophotons and their theoretical implications. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 41, 391–402 (2003)

Kevin S. Saroka, Blake T. Dotta, Michael A. Persinger. Concurrent Photon Emission, Changes in Quantitative Brain Activity over the Right Hemisphere, and Alterations in the Proximal Geomagnetic Field While Imagining White Light. International Journal of Life Science and Medical Research February. 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 1, PP. 30-34

Shamos, M.H., Lavine, L.S. Piezoelectricity as a fundamental property of biological tissues. Nature 213, 267–269 (1967)

C. Rossi, A. Foletti, A. Magnani, S. Lamponi. New perspectives in cell communication: Bioelectromagnetic interactions. Seminars in Cancer Biology 21 (2011) 207– 214

---

* Alternative theories of consciousness and related publications for those interested in such weird stuff :-)

P. Ball, Physics of life: The dawn of quantum biology, Nature 474, 272-274 (2011)

Bischof, Marco. Synchronization and Coherence as an Organizing Principle in the Organism, Social Interaction, and Consciousness. NeuroQuantology 2008; 4: 440-451

István Bókkon, Birendra N. Mallick and Jack A.Tuszynski. Near death experiences: a multidisciplinary hypothesis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. September 2013, Volume 7, Article 533 Antonio R. Damasio. Investigating the biology of consciousness. Phil.Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B (1998) 353, 1879-1882

Del Giudice et al. Coherent Quantum Electrodynamics in Living Matter. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 24: 199–210, 2005

John ER. The neurophysics of consciousness. Brain Res Rev 2002;39: 1-28.

Hameroff, S. R., Penrose, R. (1996) Conscious events as orchestrated space-time selections. J. Conscious. Stud. 3, 36–53.

Hameroff S. Consciousness, the brain, and spacetime geometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;929:74-104.

Andrei Khrennikov. Quantum-like model of processing of information in the brain based on classical electromagnetic field. BioSystems 105 (2011) 250– 262.

Manzalini A., Abstractions of emergence in electromagnetic complex spaces. NeuroQuantology | September 2010 | Vol 8 | Issue 3 | Page 287‐303

McFadden J., Conscious electromagnetic field theory. NeuroQuantology 2007;3:262-270

McFadden JJ. Synchronous firing and its influence on the brain's electromagnetic field: evidence for an electromagnetic theory of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 2002a;9:23-50.

McFadden JJ. The Conscious Electromagnetic Information (Cemi) Field Theory: The Hard Problem Made Easy? Journal of Consciousness Studies 2002b;9:45-60.

McFadden JJ. The CEMI Field Theory. Closing the Loop. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 20, No. 1–2, 2013, pp. 153–68.

Libet B. A testable field theory of mind-brain interaction. Journal of Consciousness Studies 1994;1:119-126.

Libet B. Conscious mind as a field [letter; comment]. J Theor Biol 1996;178:223-226.

Lindahl BI and Arhem P. Mind as a force field: comments on a new interactionistic hypothesis. J Theor Biol 1994;171:111-122

Pereria A. The Quantum Mind-Classical Brain Problem. NeuroQuantology 2003; 1: 94-118

Alfredo Pereira Jr. Astrocyte-Trapped Calcium Ions: the Hypothesis of a Quantum-Like Conscious Protectorate. Quantum Biosystems 2007, 2, 80-92

Persinger, M. A., Dotta, B. T., Saroka, K. S. & Scott, S. A., Congruence of Energies for Cerebral Photon Emissions, Quantitative EEG Activities and ~5 nT Changes in the Proximal Geomagnetic Field Support Spin-based Hypothesis of Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research, February 2013, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp. 01-24

Pockett S. The Nature of Consciousness: A Hypothesis. (Lincoln, NE: Writers Club Press), 2000.

E. Schrödinger. What is Life? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1944)

Šrobár F. Fröhlich Systems in Cellular Physiology. Prague Medical Report / Vol. 113 (2012) No. 2, p. 95–104

Tegmark M. The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes. Phys Rev E 2000; 61:4194-4206.

Jack A. Tuszynski (Ed.) THE EMERGING PHYSICS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. With 135 Figures and 10 Tables. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006.

Antonella Vannini. Quantum Models of Consciousness. Quantum Biosystems 2008, 2, 165-184