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[[Brain_hackers/bib/growth|Neuronal growth promotion and control via neurostimulation]]


'''* Neuronal growth promotion and control via neurostimulation'''
Blackman CF, Blanchard JP, Benane SG, House DE, Elder JA. 1998b. Double blind test of magnetic field effects on neurite outgrowth. Bioelectromagnetics 19:204-209.
C F Blackman, S G Benane, D E House Evidence for direct effect of magnetic fields on neurite outgrowth. The FASEB Journal. 07/1993; 7(9):801-6.
Dickson BJ (2002) Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance. Science 298:1959–1964
Ehrlicher A, Betz T, Stuhrmann B, Koch D, Milner V, Raizen MG, Ka¨s J (2002) Guiding neuronal growth with light. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16024–16028.
Goldberg JL (2003) How does an axon grow? Genes Dev 17:941–958.
Higuchi A, Watanabe T, Noguchi Y, Chang Y, Chen WY, Matsuoka Y (2007) Visible light regulates neurite outgrowth of nerve cells. Cytotechnology
Hugo Hernandez-Hernandez et al. Neurite Outgrowth on Chromaffin Cells Applying Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields by Permanent Magnets. Archives of Medical Research 40 (2010) 545e550
MelissaY. Macias, Joseph H. Battocletti,Carl H. Sutton, Frank A. Pintar, and Dennis J. Maiman. Directed and Enhanced Neurite Growth With Pulsed Magnetic Field Stimulation.
Bioelectromagnetics 21:272-286 (2000)
Manoj Mathew, Ivan Amat-Roldan, Rosa Andre´s, Iain G. Cormack, David Artigas, Eduardo Soriano, Pablo Loza-Alvarez. Influence of distant femtosecond laser pulses on growth cone fillopodia. Cytotechnology (2008) 58:103–111
Manoj Mathew et al. Signalling effect of NIR pulsed lasers on axonal growth. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 186 (2010) 196–201
C. D. McCaig. Nerve branching is induced and oriented by a small applied electric field. Journal of Cell Science 95, 605-615 (1990)
C. D. McCaig. (1986). Dynamic aspects of amphibian neurite growth and the effects of an applied electric field. J. Phvsiol. 375, 55-69.
C. D. McCaig. (1987n). Neuronal morphology is influenced by an applied electric field. Neumsci. Lett. Suppl. 29, S 35.
C. D. McCaig. (19876). Spinal neurite reabsorption and regrowth depend on the polarity of an applied electric field. Development 100,31-41.
C. D. McCaig. (1988). Nerve guidance: A role for bio-electric fields? Prog. Neurobiol. 30, 449-468.
C. D. McCaig. (1990). Nerve growth in a small applied electric field and the effects of pharmacological agents on rate and orientation. J. Cell Sci. 95, 617-622.
C. D. McCaig. Et al. Controlling Cell Behavior Electrically: Current Views and Future Potential. Physiol Rev 85: 943–978, 2005;
McCaig CD and Erskine L. Nerve growth and nerve guidance in a physiological electric field. In: Nerve Growth and Guidance, edited by McCaig CD. London: Portland, 1996, p. 151–170.
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McCaig CD, Rajnicek AM, Song B, and Zhao M. Has electrical growth cone guidance found its potential? Trends Neurosci 25: 354–359, 2002.
Cathy W. Levenson and Deborah Morris.  Zinc and Neurogenesis: Making New Neurons from Development to Adulthood. Adv. Nutr. 2: 96–100, 2011
Patel NB, Poo MM (1982) Orientation of neurite growth by extracellular electric fields. J Neurosci 2:483–496
Piacentini R, Ripoli C, Mezzogori D, Azzena GB, Grassi C (2008) Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields promote in vitro neurogenesis via upregulation of cav1-channel activity. J Cell Physiol 215:129–139.
Stevenson DJ, Lake TK, Agate B, Garce´s-Cha´vez V, Dholakia K, Gunn-Moore F (2006) Optically guided neuronal growth at near infrared wavelengths. Opt Express 14:9786–9793
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Revision as of 16:08, 26 January 2015

This is the page of the Brain Hackers aka the Neurohacking/Neuromodulation London Hackspace Group. We do experiments and play around with kits to measure and alter brain activity in a non-invasive way and develop novel accessible neurostimulation means accompanied by real time measurement and feedback. Some of us are trained neuroscientists or electronics engineers, others are hobbyists. All friendly and interested people are welcome to volunteer and participate in trials, but everything is obviously at your own risk (where such risk may exist).

We are now in the process of organizing and starting work on a few specific projects from the Project Ideas. More update on this in the coming weeks.


List of kit available by different members of the group:


-EEG -> multiple copies of the 1 channel bipolar (TrueSense Kit) recorder, multiple copiMindWave Mobile (1 channel), Emotiv Epoc (14 channels), KT88 (16 channels, photoic stimulation), AMEA slow potentials mapper (2 channels), new model of AMEA expected Feb


-tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) -> DIY, foc.us (developers edition not arrived yet)


-tACS (transcranial alternate current stimulation) -> DIY, DrTES (transcranial analgesia device)


-Transcranial laser / decoherent light stimulation within optical permeability window of tissues (roughly between 600 and 1200 nm) -> Matrix LLLT with in-built photometer and external SRT block, impulse modulated 890 nm and 635 nm single and matrix lasers, continuous modulated 810 and 640 nm, all-inclusive large laser/LED head, continuous red/infrared LED matrix


-Weak field TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation, microtesla range or even lower) -> 64 coil Koren helmet augmented for placement of more coils, smaller phone tap coils - based hats and setups, large (3m) coil, MIT-MT stimulator (0.1-99 Hz range) with different size coils (induction going up to 25 mT max, 8-shaped configuration up to 10 mT) including coils with centrally positioned high power red, infrared and blue LEDs for combined ligfht and magnetic stimulation


-Other -> SGR sensor, photopletismograph, modulated high voltage "singing arc", scopes, magnetometers, function generators, amps etc.

Of course, you are more than welcome to suggest other relevant ideas to test and projects to try. The possibilities are, indeed, "Limitless" (pun intended).


P.S.: folks from Mind Hacking and Biohacking groups are, of course, welcome to join in, but we surely need electronic engineering and coding enthusiasts interested in such matters!

For neuroscientific and technical questions and curiosities involving brain hacking, feel free to get in touch with any of the following:

Martin Dinov

Andrew Vladimirov

Dirk Bruere

Some of the popular relevant presentations from Andrew can be found here:

https://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/index.php?title=File:Cogenhancement_part1.pdf

https://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/index.php?title=File:Cogenchancement_part2.pdf

https://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/index.php?title=File:The-future-of-accessible-neurostimulation.pdf

https://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/index.php?title=File:Self_hacking_via_replay_attacks.pdf

Bibliography

Some relevant reading for those who want to go hardcore :-) Of course it is far from being complete and needs to constantly be updated, oh well...


Accessible measurement methodologies and BCI


Neurostimulation methods and their effects


Possible molecular level neurostimulation mechanisms and related works


Putative subatomic level mechanisms and related works


Neuronal growth promotion and control via neurostimulation



* Neurofeedback


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Bazanova O.M., Jafarova O.A., Mernaya E.M. et al. Optimal functioning psychophysiological bases and neurofeedback training // International J. of Psychophysiology. 2008. V. 69, № 3. Р. 164.

Budzinsky T.H. (ed) et al. Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback. Elsevier, 2009.

Chapin T. J. and Russel-Chapin L.A. Neurotherapy and Neurofeedback. Routledge, 2014

Gersten A, Perl J, Raz A, Fried R. Simple exercises that significantly increase cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation. Hunter College preprint 2006b;

Kraft U (2006). “Train Your Brain-Mental exercises with neurofeedback may ease symptoms of attention-deficit disorder, epilepsy and depression--and even boost cognition in healthy brains”. Scientific American. 2006

Hanslmayr S., Sauseng P., Doppelmayr M. et al. Increasing individual upper alpha power by neurofeedback improves cognitive performance // Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback. 2005. № 30. Р. 1—10.

Wittling, W. et al. (1998) Hemisphere asymmetry in parasympathetic control of the heart. Neuropsychologia 36, 461–468


* Neuronal plasticity, learning, memory, the “binding factor”


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Brita Fritsch et al. Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: Potential implications for motor learning. Neuron. 2010 April 29; 66(2): 198–204.

Fries P. Neuronal gamma-band synchronization as a fundamental process in cortical computation. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:209-24.

Gross DW, Gotman J. Correlation of high-frequency oscillations with the sleep–wake cycle and cognitive activity in humans. Neuroscience 1999;94:1005–1018.

A.D. (Bud) Craig. Forebrain emotional asymmetry: a neuroanatomical basis? TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.9 No.12 December 2005

Francis Crick and Chridof Koch. Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences, V012, 1990 : pp 263-275

Gilden, D. L., Thornton, T., & Mallon, M. W. (1995). 1/f noise in human cognition. Science, 267, 1837-1839.

Gilden, D. L. (2001). Cognitive emissions of 1/f noise. Psychological Review, 108, 33–56.

Jausovec N. Differences in cognitive processes between gifted, intelligent, creative, and average individuals while solving complex problems: an EEG study // Intelligence. 2000. V. 28. 3. P. 213–237.

Martindale C. Biological bases of creativity // R. J. Sternberg (Ed.) Handbook of creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 137–152.

Michael D. Greicius et al. Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. PNAS January 7, 2003 vol. 100 no. 1 253–258

Mihov K.M., Denzler M., Förster J. Hemispheric specialization and сreative thinking: A meta-analytic review of lateralization of creativity // Brain and Cognition. 2010. 72. 442–448.

Diala Habib and Hans C. Dringenberg. Low-Frequency-Induced Synaptic Potentiation: A Paradigm Shift in the Field of Memory-Related Plasticity Mechanisms? HIPPOCAMPUS 20:29–35 (2010)

Christoph S. Herrmann et al. Cognitive functions of gamma-band activity: memory match and utilization. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.8 No.8 August 2004 Michal Hetman, Giorgi Kharebava. Survival signaling pathways activated by NMDA receptors. Curr Top Med Chem. 2006;6(8):787-799

Jelic V, Shigeta M, Julin P, Almkvist O, Winblad B, Wahlund LO: Quantitative electroencephalography power and coherence in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Dementia 1996, 7:314-323.

KENNETH T. KISHIDA and ERIC KLANN. Sources and Targets of Reactive Oxygen Species in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 February ; 9(2): 233–244.

Wolfgang Klimesch. Memory processes, brain oscillations and EEG synchronization International Journal of Psychophysiology 24 (1996) 61-100

Klimesch W: EEG-alpha rhythms and memory processes. Int J Psychophysiol1997,26:319-340.

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Klimesch, W., EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis // Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. - 1999. – 29. –P. 169-195.

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Mattson MP. Glutamate and neurotrophic factors in neuronal plasticity and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1144:97–112.

CARLA MARCHETTI and PAOLA GAVAZZO. NMDA Receptors as Targets of Heavy Metal Interaction and Toxicity. Neurotoxicity Research, 2005, VOL. 8(3,4). pp. 245-258

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Martinez JLJ, Derrick BE: Long-term potentiation and learning. Annu Rev Psychol 1996, 47:173-203.

Metzinger, T. (Ed.). (2000). Neural correlates of consciousness. Empirical and conceptual questions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Moss, F.: Noise is good for the brain. Physics World 2, 15–16 (1997)

Hellmuth Petsche & Susan C. Etlinger (1998) EEG Aspects of Cognitive Processes: A Contribution to the Proteus-like Nature of Consciousness, International Journal of Psychology, 33:3, 199-212

Van Orden, G. C., Holden, J. G., & Turvey, M. T. (2003). Self-organization of cognitive performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 331-350.

Van Orden, G. C., Holden, J. G., & Turvey, M. T. (2005). Human cognition and 1/f scaling. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 117-123.

Petsche, 1996; Petsche H. Approaches to verbal, visual and musical creativity by EEG coherence analysis // Int. J. Psychophysiol. - 1996. - N1-2. - P.145-159.

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Antti Revonsuo. Binding and the Phenomenal Unity of Consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 8, 173–185 (1999)

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Roskies AL. The binding problem. Neuron 1999; 24:7–9.

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Singer W. Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning. Annu Rev Physiol 1993;55:349–374.

URSULA STAUBLI, GARY ROGERS, AND GARY LYNCH. Facilitation of glutamate receptors enhances memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 777-781, January 1994 Neurobiology Stickgold, R. (2005). "Sleep-dependent memory consolidation." Nature 437(7063): 1272-1278.

Susan Pockett et al. EEG synchrony during a perceptual-cognitive task: Widespread phase synchrony at all frequencies. Clinical Neurophysiology 120 (2009) 695–708

Susan Pockett, Mark D. Holmes. Intracranial EEG power spectra and phase synchrony during consciousness and unconsciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 18 (2009) 1049–1055

Astrid von Stein, Johannes Sarnthein. Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: from local gamma to long range alpha/ theta synchronization. International Journal of Psychophysiology 38 2000. 301-313

W.J. Ray, H.W. Cole, EEG alpha activity reflects attentional demands, and beta activity reflects emotional and cognitive processes, Science 228 (1985) 750–752.

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Watabe AM, O'Dell TJ: Age-related changes in theta frequency stimulation-induced long-term potentiation. Neurobiol Aging 2003, 24:267-272.

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* Miscellaneous electromagnetic signalling in the brain


Bajpai, R.P.: Quantum coherence of biophotons and living systems. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 41, 514–527 (2003)

Erol Basar, Canan Basar-Eroglu, Sirel Karakas and Martin Schurmann. Oscillatory Brain Theory: A New Trend in Neuroscience. The Role of Oscillutory Processes in Sensory and Cognitive Functions. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, May/June 1999

Erol Basar , Canan Basar-Eroglu, Sirel Karakas, Martin Schurmann. Gamma, alpha, delta, and theta oscillations govern cognitive processes. International Journal of Psychophysiology 39 2001. 241-248

Bowden E.M., Jung-Beeman M. Aha! Insight experience correlates with solution activation in the right hemisphere. Psychonomic Bull. Rev. - 2003. - N10.- P.730-737

Hermann Berg. Problems of weak electromagnetic field effects in cell biology. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 48, 1999. 355–360

Hermann. Berg, Possibilities and problems of low frequency weak electromagnetic fields in cell biology, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 38 1995. 153–159.

Istvan Bókkon, Vahid Salari. Information storing by biomagnetites. J Biol Phys (2010) 36:109–120

István Bókkon. Dreams and Neuroholography: An Interdisciplinary Interpretation of Development of Homeotherm State in Evolution. Sleep and Hypnosis, 7:2, 2005

Bordi, F., Cametti, C., Natali, F.: Electrical conductivity and ion permeation in planar lipid membranes. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetic 41, 197–200 (1996)

B.T. Dotta, K.S. Saroka, M. A. Persinger; Increased photon emission from the head while imagining light in the dark isconcomitant with cerebral electroencephalographic power: Possible support for the Bokkon Biophoton Hypothesis; Neuroscience Letters; 513; 151-154; 2012.

Dotta, B. T. & Persinger, M. A., Increased Photon Emissions from the Right But Not the Left Hemisphere While Imagining White Light in the Dark: The Potential Connection Between Consciousness and Cerebral Light. Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research, December 2011, Vol. 2, Issue 10, pp. 1463-1473

Basar E, Basar-Eroglu C, Karakas S, Schurmann M: Brain oscillations in perception and memory. Int J Psychophysiol 2000, 35:95-124.

Blake T. Dotta, Carly A. Buckner, Dianne Cameron, Robert M. Lafrenie and Michael A. Persinger. Biophoton emissions from cell cultures: biochemical evidence for the plasma membrane as the primary source. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. (2011), 30, 301–309

György Buzsáki. Rhythms of the brain. 2006 by Oxford University Press.

Jefferys,J.G. (1995). Nonsynaptic modulation of neuronal activity in the brain: electric currents and extracellular ions. Physiol Rev 75, 689-723.

Grundler, W., Kaiser, F., Keilmann, F., Walleczek, J. Mechanisms of electromagnetic interaction with cellular systems. Naturwissenschaften 79, 551–559 (1992)

Del Giudice E, Preparata G, Vitiello G. Water as a free electric dipole laser Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 1085 (1988)

Y. Isojima, T. Isoshima, K. Nagai, K. Kikuchi, and H. Nakagawa; Ultraweak biochemiluminescence detected from rat hippocampal slices; NeuroReport; 6; 658–660; 1995.

Kobayashi, M., Takeda, M., Sato, T., Yamazaki, Y., Kaneko, K., Ito, K., Kato, H., Inaba, H.: In vivo imaging of spontaneous ultraweak photon emission from a rat’s brain correlated with cerebral energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Neurosci. Res. 34, 103–113 (1999)

Ho, M.W., Haffegee, J., Newton, R., Zhou, Y., Bolton, J.S., Ross, S.: Organisms as polyphasic liquid crystals. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 41, 81–91 (1996)

Pilla, A.A., Nasser, P.R., Kaufmann, J.J.: On the sensitivity of cells and tissues to therapeutic and environmental electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 30, 161–169 (1993)

Michael A. Persinger, Blake T. Dotta, Kevin S. Saroka. Bright light transmits through the brain: Measurement of photon emissions and frequency-dependent modulation of spectral electroencephalographic power. World Journal of Neuroscience, 2013, 3, 10-16.

Popp, F.A.: Properties of biophotons and their theoretical implications. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 41, 391–402 (2003)

Kevin S. Saroka, Blake T. Dotta, Michael A. Persinger. Concurrent Photon Emission, Changes in Quantitative Brain Activity over the Right Hemisphere, and Alterations in the Proximal Geomagnetic Field While Imagining White Light. International Journal of Life Science and Medical Research February. 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 1, PP. 30-34

Shamos, M.H., Lavine, L.S. Piezoelectricity as a fundamental property of biological tissues. Nature 213, 267–269 (1967)

C. Rossi, A. Foletti, A. Magnani, S. Lamponi. New perspectives in cell communication: Bioelectromagnetic interactions. Seminars in Cancer Biology 21 (2011) 207– 214


* Alternative theories of consciousness and related publications for those interested in such weird stuff :-)


P. Ball, Physics of life: The dawn of quantum biology, Nature 474, 272-274 (2011)

Bischof, Marco. Synchronization and Coherence as an Organizing Principle in the Organism, Social Interaction, and Consciousness. NeuroQuantology 2008; 4: 440-451

István Bókkon, Birendra N. Mallick and Jack A.Tuszynski. Near death experiences: a multidisciplinary hypothesis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. September 2013, Volume 7, Article 533 Antonio R. Damasio. Investigating the biology of consciousness. Phil.Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B (1998) 353, 1879-1882

Del Giudice et al. Coherent Quantum Electrodynamics in Living Matter. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 24: 199–210, 2005

John ER. The neurophysics of consciousness. Brain Res Rev 2002;39: 1-28.

Hameroff, S. R., Penrose, R. (1996) Conscious events as orchestrated space-time selections. J. Conscious. Stud. 3, 36–53.

Hameroff S. Consciousness, the brain, and spacetime geometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;929:74-104.

Andrei Khrennikov. Quantum-like model of processing of information in the brain based on classical electromagnetic field. BioSystems 105 (2011) 250– 262.

Manzalini A., Abstractions of emergence in electromagnetic complex spaces. NeuroQuantology | September 2010 | Vol 8 | Issue 3 | Page 287‐303

McFadden J., Conscious electromagnetic field theory. NeuroQuantology 2007;3:262-270

McFadden JJ. Synchronous firing and its influence on the brain's electromagnetic field: evidence for an electromagnetic theory of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 2002a;9:23-50.

McFadden JJ. The Conscious Electromagnetic Information (Cemi) Field Theory: The Hard Problem Made Easy? Journal of Consciousness Studies 2002b;9:45-60.

McFadden JJ. The CEMI Field Theory. Closing the Loop. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 20, No. 1–2, 2013, pp. 153–68.

Libet B. A testable field theory of mind-brain interaction. Journal of Consciousness Studies 1994;1:119-126.

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Lindahl BI and Arhem P. Mind as a force field: comments on a new interactionistic hypothesis. J Theor Biol 1994;171:111-122

Pereria A. The Quantum Mind-Classical Brain Problem. NeuroQuantology 2003; 1: 94-118

Alfredo Pereira Jr. Astrocyte-Trapped Calcium Ions: the Hypothesis of a Quantum-Like Conscious Protectorate. Quantum Biosystems 2007, 2, 80-92

Persinger, M. A., Dotta, B. T., Saroka, K. S. & Scott, S. A., Congruence of Energies for Cerebral Photon Emissions, Quantitative EEG Activities and ~5 nT Changes in the Proximal Geomagnetic Field Support Spin-based Hypothesis of Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research, February 2013, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp. 01-24

Pockett S. The Nature of Consciousness: A Hypothesis. (Lincoln, NE: Writers Club Press), 2000.

E. Schrödinger. What is Life? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1944)

Šrobár F. Fröhlich Systems in Cellular Physiology. Prague Medical Report / Vol. 113 (2012) No. 2, p. 95–104

Tegmark M. The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes. Phys Rev E 2000; 61:4194-4206.

Jack A. Tuszynski (Ed.) THE EMERGING PHYSICS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. With 135 Figures and 10 Tables. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006.

Antonella Vannini. Quantum Models of Consciousness. Quantum Biosystems 2008, 2, 165-184

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