Project:Algal biodiesel

Biodiesel production aims to use vegetal or animal oils as a renewable substitute for ordinary diesel. Supposedly the UK is presently committed to deriving at least 5% of all transport diesel from biodiesel by 2010. It has powered jetflight and (when mixed with ordinary diesel) UK trains. It would be interesting to start probing the possibility of homebrew production.

The Hackspace doesn't have a field, so we have to explore algal biofuels. Microalgae are also attractive because they provide much higher yields of biomass and fuels, 10-100 times higher than comparable energy crops, and algae biofuel is non-toxic, contains no sulfur, and is highly biodegradable.

Whilst it would be wonderful for the project to eventually be able to harness enough solar or heat energy to not require a net input of chemical or electrical energy, it's not likely that we can either source enough light or drive the reactions efficiently enough for this to be feasible.

Process

Algal cultivation

Presumably aquatic algae (Hydrophilus) are the way forwards. Two alternatives: open pond or closed. There doesn't, for now, seem to be a problem with starting off in flasks (on a shaker table, for example) and then looking to move to slow-circulating streams through tubes wrapped around a light source (for example), and then seeing if we can scale up to south-facing rooftop raceways (wide, shallow circuits). Sources online suggest that culture density will increase to a point where light cannot penetrate more than 10cm.

Conditions

Algae can have doubling times inferior to a day, so if the conditions are right, growth should be extremely fast.

We need to think about nutrients. Being able to rely on wastewater and other nutrient sources (used coffee grinds?) would be fantastic; perhaps initially we should use standard aquatic fertiliser to ensure nutrient stability and sterility.

A strain capable of living at high or low pH would help us keep the system sterile (without having to regularly drain it and clean it then re-innoculate) in much the same way as sourdough cultures create their own inhospitable conditions to keep parasites out. S. dimorphus tends to increase the pH 9reduce the acidity) significantly, and optimum pH is 8.2-8.7 ; mature cultures will consume CO2 faster and tend to push this up to 9 (which will inhibit growth) if not properly aerated.

• Temperature: anything over 35degC will probably be lethal to most algae we'd consider growing; anything below 16degC may result in quite slow growth, which presents us with an obvious problem during winter especially if attempting outdoor growth. S. dimorphus prefers 30degC, which is also not optimal for our purposes.

• Light: algae don't require constant exposure to sunlight; in fact, that might be harmful (another added benefit of circulation is to give cells a rest period). The wavelengths they need depend on what chlorophyll they carry; if we are using artificial light, we should perhaps see if we find out what the absorption spectra of the cells are and make sure we're not wasting electricity (and promoting photoinhibition) by bathing the cells in 'useless' light.

• Nutrients: some algae, including S. dimorphus, go into obesity (survival) mode when you deprive them of nitrogen, instead of continuing steady division. It seems self-evident that if nitrogen starvation kicks in too early, or lasts too long, you inhibit growth and encourage population stunting or collapse, respectively.

http://www.slideshare.net/kabronic/maximization-of-scenedesmus-dimorphus-lipid-yield-for-the-production-of-biodiesel

Monitoring

Perhaps someone with Arduino smarts could design a system capable of monitoring temperature, pH and light absorption, allowing us to remotely monitor and log growth, make adjustments and comparisons between growth rates.

Strain selection

Here's a table with different algae and their oil content: http://www.oilgae.com/algae/comp/comp.html

Oil extraction

Harvesting will be a relatively big challenge, if the wider field's reported experiences are to be believed. There are several options:

Others

Electrical?

Future directions

• Find applications for the oil!
• The process can doubtless be endlessly tweaked, but biochemical enhancements could be investigated, such as adding certain inhibitors to shunt carbohydrate production in the cells towards long-chain oils, away from sugars; this could be done with chemical additives or genetic engineering (if we go down that path at all).

Further reading

• http://www.oilgae.com/